The stock trading history in india - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5885 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction Background of Exchanges The stock trading history in India is obscured in the mists of time. Historical records, as and where they exist, rarely speak about business and speculative activity except in passing. However, the origin of stock broking in the country may go back to a time, when shares, debentures and bonds representing titles to property were first issued on the condition of transfer from one person to another and the earliest record of dealings in securities in India is the East India Companys loan securities, way back in the 18th century. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The stock trading history in india" essay for you Create order The first stock exchange in India, Tokyo Stock Exchange, which was founded in 1878. The countrys second stock exchange was established in Ahmedabad in 1894, followed by the Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE). CSE can also trace its origin back to 19th century. From a get together under a neem tree way back in the 1830s, the CSE was formally established in May 1908. Indias other major stock exchange National Stock Exchange (NSE), promoted by leading financial institutions, was established in April 1993. Over the years, several stock exchanges have been established in the major cities of India. There are now 23 recognised stock exchanges — Mumbai (BSE, NSE and OTC), Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubhaneswar, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Kanpur, Ludhiana, Mangalore, Patna, Pune, Rajkot, Vadodara, Indore and Meerut. Today, most of the global stock exchanges have become highly efficient, computerised organisations. Computerised networks also m ade it possible to connect to each other and have fostered the growth of an open, global securities market. Though Stock Broking was practiced in Calcutta as early as 1836, the members of the broking profession had neither any code of conduct for their guidance, nor any permanent place for congregation. The centre of their activity was near a neem tree, where at present, stands the offices of the Chartered Bank (now known as Standard Chartered) on Netaji Subhas Road, Calcutta. In 1905, Chartered Bank began to construct their own building, which led brokers to shift the arena of their operation, the neighbourhood of the recent Allahabad Bank. The brokers had no shelter and business was carried on in the open place. The inconvenience of such trading, prompted brokers to organise themselves and in May 1908, an association was formed under the name and style of the Calcutta Stock Exchange Association at 2, China Bazar Street. At the time of incorporation in 1908, the Stock Exchange had 150 members. Today the total membership has risen to more than 900, which contains several corporate and institutional members. The number of companies listed on the Exchange is more than 3,500. The Annual turnover of the Exchange in 1997-98 was to the tune of Rs, 1,78,779 crores. The Calcutta Stock Exchange has been granted permanent recognition by the Central Government with effect from April 14, 1980 under the relevant provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, with a view to render useful service to investors. In December 1993, SEBI directed the stock exchanges to discontinue the traditional system of carry forward of transactions (badla). Subsequently, it proposed an alternative system in March 1994, but no agreement could be reached on implementing this system. In February 1995, SEBI set up the G. S. Patel Committee (GSPC) to review the system of carry forward tran sactions. The GSPC submitted its report in March 1995. SEBI adopted the system recommended by the GSPC with some modifications in its decisions of July 27, 1995 and October 5, 1995. This Revised Carry Forward System (RCFS) was implemented in the BSE in January 1996, but the other exchanges in which the traditional carry forward system had been prevalent before December 1993 did not come forward to adopt the RCFS. A year after the implementation of RCFS, the President of the BSE wrote to SEBI in January 1997 requesting a relaxation of certain aspects of the RCFS to make it more practical and efficient. In its meeting of March 27, 1997, SEBI reviewed the entire sequence of developments relating to the RCFS and specifically noted that while introducing the RCFS in July 1995, SEBI had decided that the implementation of the revised carry forward system would be reviewed periodically by the Board, the first review being after three months. History of BSE An informal group of 22 stockbrokers began trading under a banyan tree opposite the Town Hall of Bombay from the mid-1850s, each investing a (then) princely amount of Rupee 1. This banyan tree still stands in the Horniman Circle Park, Mumbai. The informal group of stockbrokers organized themselves as the The Native Share and Stockbrokers Association which, in 1875, was formally organized as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). In January 1899, the stock exchange moved into the Brokers Hall after it was inaugrated by James M Maclean. After the First World War, the BSE was shifted to an old building near the Town Hall. In 1928, the plot of land on which the BSE building now stands (at the intersection of Dalal Street, Bombay Samachar Marg and Hammam Street in downtown Mumbai) was acquired, and a building was constructed and occupied in 1930. Premchand Roychand was a leading stockbroker of that time, and he assisted in setting out traditions, conventions, and procedures for the t rading of stocks at Bombay Stock Exchange and they are still being followed. Several stock broking firms in Mumbai were family run enterprises, and were named after the heads of the family. The following is the list of some of the initial members of the exchange, and who are still running their respective business. D.S. Prabhudas Company (now known as DSP, and a joint venture partner with Merrill Lynch) Jamnadas Morarjee (now known as JM) Champaklal Devidas (now called Cifco Finance) Brijmohan Laxminarayan In 1956, the Government of India recognized the Bombay Stock Exchange as the first stock exchange in the country under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act. The BSE moved into its current premises the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers in 1980. The Bombay Stock Exchange followed the familiar outcry system for stock trading up until 1995, when it was replaced by an electronic (eTrading) system named BOLT, or the BSE OnLine Trading system. In 2005, the status of the exchange changed from an Association of Persons (AoP) to a full fledged corporation under the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 (and its name was changed to The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited). BSE-Sensex The BSE SENSEX (also known as the BSE 30) is a value-weighted index composed of 30 scrips, with the base April 1979 = 100. The set of companies which make up the index has been changed only a few times in the last 20 years. These companies account for around one-fifth of the market capitalization of the BSE BSE other Indices Apart from BSE SENSEX, which is the most popular stock index in India, BSE uses other stock indices as well: BSE 100 BSE 500 BSEPSU BSEMIDCAP BSESMLCAP BSEBANKEX The National Stock Exchange Of India The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges. NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992. It is a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. NSE Group NSCCL, The Organization NSE.IT Ltd. India Index Services Products Ltd. (IISL) Dot Ex International Limited National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL) 1. NSCCL, The Organization The National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. (NSCCL), a wholly owned subsidiary of NSE, was incorporated in August 1995. It was set up with the following objectives: to bring and sustain confidence in clearing and settlement of securities; to promote and maintain, short and consistent settlement cycles; to provide counter-party risk guarantee, and to operate a tight risk containment system 2. NSE.IT Ltd NSE.IT, a 100% subsidiary of National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is the information technology arm of the largest stock exchange of the country. NSE.IT possesses the wealth of expertise acquired in the last six years by running the trading and clearing infrastructure of largest stock exchange of the country. NSE.IT is an Export Oriented Unit with STP and plans to go global for various IT services in due course. In the near future the company plans to release new products for Broker Back-office Operations and enhance NeatXS / Neat iXS to support Straight Through Processing on the net. 3. India Index Services Products Ltd. (IISL) India Index Services and Products Limited (IISL), a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL Ltd. (formerly the Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited). It was set up in May 1998 toIt provides a variety of indices and index related services and products for the Indian capital markets. It has a consulting and licensing agreement with Standard and Poors (SP), the worlds leading provider of investible equity indices, for co-branding equity indices. It maintains over 80 equity indices comprising broad-based benchmark indices, sect oral indices and customized indices. Many investment and risk management products based on IISL indices have been developed in the recent past, within India and abroad. These include index based derivatives traded on NSE and Singapore Exchange (SIMEX) and a number of index funds. 4. DotEx International Limited DotEx was a joint venture between i-flex Solutions Ltd. and NSE.IT Ltd. Recently NSE has taken over the shareholding and management of DotEx. DotEx was formed to provide world-class internet trading platforms which allows members of NSE to offer online trading facilities to their customers. Members of NSE can service a larger clientele by using the automated risk management features and thus increase volumes. Investors get comprehensive and updated information necessary to trade, along with a single-click convenience to fulfill their obligations The initial offering of DotEx is DotEx Plaza where multiple market participants such as members of NSE, depository participants and banks can offer web-based services to their customers. As a neutral aggregator and infrastructure provider, DotEx offers choice and convenience to investors. DotEx products may be classified under the following broad categories: Equity Trading Module Trading Module 5. National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL) In order to solve the myriad problems associated with trading in physical securities, NSE joined hands with the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) and the Unit Trust of India (UTI) to promote dematerialization of securities. Together they set up National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), the first depository in India. NSDL commenced operations in November 1996 and has since established a national infrastructure of international standard to handle trading and settlement in dematerialized form and thus completely eliminated the risks to investors associated with fake/bad/stolen paper. List of the companies in the sensex S. NO. NAME OF COMPANY SECTOR 1 ACC LTD. CEMENT 2 BAJAJ AUTO AUTOMOBILES 2/3W 3 BHEL CAPITAL GOODS 4 BHARTI AIRTEL TELICOM 5 CIPLA PHARMA 6 DR.REDDYS LAB PHARMA 7 GRASHIM INDUSTRIES DIVERSIFIED 8 GUJRAT AMBUJA CEMENT CEMENT 9 HDFC FINANCE 10 HDFC BANK FINANCE 11 HERO HONDA MOTORS AUTOMOBILES 2W 12 HINDUSTAN INDUSTRIES METAL,METAL PRODUCTS AND MINING 13 HINDUSTAN LEVER LTD. FMCG 14 ICICIBANK BANKING AND FINANCE 15 INFOSYS IT 16 ITC LTD. FMCG 17 L T CAPITAL GOODS AND CONSTRUCTION 18 MARUTI UDTOG LTD. AUTOMOBILES 19 NTPC POWER 20 ONGC OIL AND GAS 21 RNBAXY LAB. PHARMA 22 RELIANCE COMMUNICATION TELICOM 23 RELIANCE ENERGY POWER 24 RELIANCE INDUSTRIES DIVERSIFIED 25 SATYAM COMPUTER SERVICES IT 26 SBI BANKING AND FINANCE 27 TCS IT 28 TATA MOTORS AUTOMOBILES 29 TAAT STEEL METAL,METAL PRODUCTS AND MINING 30 WIPRO IT Scope and importance of the study RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Objective: â€Å"Comparative analysis of Religare Securities Ltd. online share trading and Religare Securities Ltd. offline share trading. Sub objectives To study the procedure, product and services of online and offline share trading. To know the preference of the factors which are important in online and offline share trading. To compare the online medium with Offline medium. To know the trading status of the Religare Securities Ltd. Clients. To know the service level of the Religare Securities Ltd. RESEARCH METHOLOGYS Define the problem. Planning a research design. Planning a sample. Gathering the data. Processing and analyzing the data. Formulating conclusions and preparing the report. Define the new problem. Problems online share trading As there are couples of good advantages there are also some technical disadvantages. As every coin have two sides. Disconnection from Internet In online share trading there is the possibility that your internet connection may get slow or get stopped, this may result in disconnection from share market. At such critical times you have to call your executive (from whom you opened your trading account) and place your order or square off your pending orders.] Computer Problem If your computer stops functioning then this may also result in disconnection from share market at this time also you have contact your executive. Other Problem Other problems like electricity disconnection. Solution for this is inverter or batter backup. Data collection Sources- Primary Data. Secondary Data. Primary Data Questionnaire. Secondary Data Magazines. Journals. Websites. THEROTICAL PROSPECTIVES RELIGARE Values that bind Religare : Company Profile Religare is a leading Financial Services Brokerage House with acknowledged industry Leadership in execution and clearing services on Exchange Traded Derivatives and cash market products. Key elements that place Religare amongst the leading Brokerage Houses and makes it the preferred service provider for value based financial services are: A Client-driven foundation and strategy committed to client-specific investment needs and objectives. Integrated and innovative use of Technology enabling clients to trade offline,online and Strategic tie-ups with latest technology partners to facilitate trading access and direct processing across 400 outlets in 160 cities Client-focused philosophy backed by memberships of all principal Indian Stock and Commodity Exchanges makes Religare a preferred service provider in the Industry for value based services. Religare confidently steers you through a challenging Financial and Trade Market every moment, whether you are present or not! Religare Group Religare Securities Ltd. Religare Finevest Ltd. Religare Wealth Management Services. Religare Capital Market Ltd. Religare Finance Ltd. Religare Insurance Holding Co. Ltd. Religare Realty Ltd. Religare Venture Capital Pvt. Ltd. Religare Insurance Broking Ltd. Religare Comodities Ltd. Religare Affiliation and Distribution Network Proven and accredited leaders in the Financial Services business, Religare provides you the unique opportunity to trade offline and online while cutting across all geographic barriers. Strategic Tie-ups that provide latest technology for access and processing Trading over 425 locations across 160 cities in India 24 hour access to Account Information via the Net or Electronic File Transfer (FTP) facilities. Membership of all Principal Indian Stock and Commodity Exchanges National Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSEIL) Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Futures Option Segment of NSEIL BSE Dubai Gold Commodities Exchange (DGCX) National Commodity Derivatives Exchange Ltd. (NCDEX) Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) OTC Exchange of India Ltd (OTCEIL) Depository Participant with NSDL CDSL Corporate Agents for Life Non-Life Insurance (both foreign / private and state owned insurance companies) One of the largest distributors of leading Mutual Funds in India Religare Research Desk Philosophy â€Å"Investing means laying out money today to receive money in real terms after taking inflation into account, tomorrow† Thats because were realistic, experienced, backed by research and study and most importantly, client-driven. Empowering the Investor The Religare Research Desk has one key objective to empower you completely with Market Knowledge, Analysis and Advisory Services to help you prosper. Our team provides expert and timely analysis on equity and commodity to help you maximize your trading decisions. We offer value perspectives, suggest strategy, focus on opportunities for investment and growth, and endeavour to reduce risk potential. Trading Ideas Daily Market Strategies Monthly Updates Investment Ideas Trading Calls Commodity Views Religare as a trading partner Religare is driven by ethical and dynamic process for wealth creation. Religare Enterprise Limited through Religare Securities Limited, Religare Finevest Limited, Religare Commodities Limited and Religare Insurance Advisory Services Limited provides integrated financial services to its corporate, retail and wealth management clients. Religare operations are managed by highly skilled professionals who subscribe to Religare philosophy and are spread across its country-wide branches. Offline Service of Religare Se curities Limited R-ALLY RELIGAREs ALLY also known as R-ALLY is a perfect partner for savvy investers. Experience the comfort of our elite dealing rooms where all your trading requirements would be taken care of by experienced, well informed and contemporary dealers. You will also have dedicated relationship managers to take care of your multiple investments needs. Online Service of Religare Securities Limited R-ALLY Lite Brouser based plateform No software installation required NSE cash segment, NSE FO and BSE on single plateform Real-time streaming quotes Multiple watch lists Alerts and triggers Hot key functions Online transfer of funds through multiple banks Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branch and call centre Trade online and over phone at branch Access to all your accounts through your customer relationship number (CRN) Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs R-ALLY Pro Application based plateform No software installation required NSE cash segment, NSE FO and BSE on single plateform Real-time streaming quotes Multiple watch lists Alerts and triggers Hot key functions Online transfer of funds through multiple banks Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branch and call centre Trade online and over phone at branch Access to all your accounts through your customer relationship number (CRN) Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs How we will make trade easier Personal assistance Dedicated dealers for facilitating trading and post trade needs Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs Reasearch Advisory Regular news and updates on market Research services over SMS to keep you abreast Daily and weekly technical reports A complete information report on results and performance of individual companies. Complete reports on various economic sectors and their performance along with analysis of few major companies in that sector Trading calls in Future Opinion Daily capsule of market indices and index movement, national and international corporate news, bulk trade deals and market gains and losers, information on mutual funds and their performance along with forth coming IPO traker Add-Ons Access to all your accounts through your Customer Relationship Number (CRN) Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branches and call centre What is a depository? A depository can be compared to a bank. A depository holds securities (like shares, debentures, bonds and units) of investors in electronic form. Besides holding securities, a depository also provides services related to transactions in securities. What are the benefits of depository system? The benefits of participating in a depository are: immediate transfer of securities; no stamp duty on transfer of securities; elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as bad delivery, fake securities etc; reduction in paperwork involved in transfer of securities; reduction in transaction cost; nomination facility; change in address recorded with Depository Participant (DP) gets registered with all companies in which investor holds securities electronically, eliminating the need to correspond with each of them separately; transmission of securities is done by DP, eliminating correspondence with companies; convenient method of consolidation of portfolios/accounts; holding investments in equity and debt instruments in a single account. What is a DP? As an investor you open a securities account with a DP. DPs are attached to the depositories very much the same way as commercial banks are attached to RBI. All interactions including account opening, dematerialization, transactions, pledge etc are done through the DP. How do I select a DP? Are all DPs the same? You can select your DP to open a demat account just like you select a bank for opening a savings account. Some of the important factors for selection of a DP can be: Convenience: proximity to the office/residence, business hours. Comfort: reputation of the DP, past association, range of services etc. Find out if the DP is in a position to give the specific service you may need. Cost: the service charges levied by DP and the service standard. What should I do when I want to open an account with a DP? The process of opening an account with a DP is similar to the opening of a bank account. You can approach any DP of your choice and fill up an account opening form. At the time of opening an account, you have tosign an agreement with DP in a National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) prescribed standard agreement, which details your rights and duties and those of your DP. All investors have to submit their proof of identity and proof of address along with the prescribed account opening form. Proof of identity: your signature and photograph must be authenticated by an existing demat account holder with the same DP or by a bank manager. Alternatively, you can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving license or PAN card with photograph. Proof of address: you can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving license, PAN card with photograph, Ration card or Bank passbook as proof of address. You must remember to take original documents to the DP for verification. Passport-size photographs Dematerialization: Dematerialization is the process by which a client can get physical certificates converted into electronic balances maintained in his account with the DP. The dematerialization system is an alternative to the physical existence of securities. In this system securities are converted into the electronic form and deposited in a depository account in the investors name. In order to dematerialize certificates, an investor will have to first open an account with a DP and then request for the dematerialization of certificates by filling up a Dematerialization Request Form (DRF), which is available with the DP, and submitting the same along with the physical certificates. The investor has to ensure that before the certificates are handed over tothe DP for demat, they are defaced by marking Surrendered for Dematerialization on the face of the certificates. Features: Holdings in only those securities that are admitted for dematerialization by National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) can be dematerialized. Structure of holding in the securities should match with the account structure of the depository account. Now shares in different order of names can also be dematted. If the shares are in the name of X and Y, the same cannot be dematerialized into the account of either X or Y alone. However if the shares are in the name of X first and Y second, and the account is in the name of Y first and X second, then these shares can be dematerialized in this account. Only those holdings that are registered in the name of the account holder can be dematerialized. Physical shares which have not been transferred and are still there with a transfer deed cannot be dematted. Only a few companies have been given the permission to offer Transfer-cum-Demat. The list of these companies can be viewed here. Can I dematerialized any share certificate? You can dematerialize only those certificates that are already registered in your name and are in the list of securities admitted for dematerialization at NSDL. All the scrips included in SP CNX Nifty and BSE Sensex have already joined NSDL. This list has more than 2,800 companies and is steadily growing. Rematerialization: Rematerialization is the process by which a client can get his electronic holdings converted into physical certificates. The client has to submit the dematerialization request to the DP with whom he has an account along with a Remat request form. The physical shares will be posted by the company directly to the clients. Trades: For all sales made by clients, the shares will have to be given to the broker, so that the Pay In can be made by the broker to the stock exchange concerned. For that its essential that the shares be transferred to the account of the broker well before the deadline date. You must confirm with your broker the settlement date and settlement number and then submit your instructions to your DP. Alsoits important to give the instructions to your DP as early as possible. Pledge: Pledge enables you to obtain loans against your dematerialized shares. So you get liquidity without having to sell your shares. A highly simplified procedure may be availed of for pledging of securities in the electronic mode. The pledged securities continue tobe reflected in the DP account of the clients (pledgor) but the concerned securities are blocked and cannot be used for any transactions. As and when the pledge is to be removed, based on confirmations received from both the pledgor and the pledgee, the blocked securities will be released to Free Balance of the account holder. A very big advantage of using pledges in the electronic mode is that the securities continue to be in your account and therefore all benefitsviz Dividend, Bonus and Rightsaccrue to the holder, ie you and not the bank (pledgee). Corporate benefits: Corporate benefits are benefits given by a company to its investors. These may be either monetary benefits like dividend, interest etc or non-monetary benefits like bonus, rights etc. NSDL facilitates distribution of corporate benefits. Its important to mention your correct MICR No and attach copy of the cheque leaf with your account opening form. NSDL is planning to distribute all cash corporate benefits to bank accounts directly. Can my electronic holdings be converted back into certificates? Yes. If you wish to get back your securities in physical form, all you have to do is to request your DP for Rematerialisation of the same. Rematerialisation is the term used for converting electronic holdings back into certificates. Your DP will forward your request to NSDL after verifying that you have the necessary balances. NSDL in turn will intimate the registrar who will print the certificates and dispatch the same to you. What is the procedure for selling dematerialized securities? The procedure for selling dematerialized securities in stock exchanges is similar to the procedure for selling physical securities. Instead of delivering physical securities to the broker, you instruct your DP todebit your account with the number of securities sold by you and credit your brokers clearing account. This delivery instruction has to be given to your DP using the delivery instruction booklet received from the DP at the time of opening the account. The procedure for selling securities is given here below: Investor sells securities in any of the stock exchanges linked to NSDL through a broker. Investor gives instruction to DP to debit his account and credit the brokers (clearing member pool) account. Before the pay-in day, investors broker gives instruction to his DP for delivery to clearing corporation. The broker receives payment from the stock exchange (clearing corporation). The investor receives payment from the broker for the sale in the same manner payment is received for a sale in the physical mode. What should I do if I want to pledge electronic securities? The procedure is as follows: Both you (pledgor) as well as the lender (pledgee) must have depository accounts; You must initiate the pledge by submitting to your DP the details of the securities to be pledged in a standard format (available with your DP); The pledgee should confirm the request through his DP; Once this is done, your securities are pledged. All financial transactions between the pledgor and the pledgee are handled outside the depository system Can I freeze my account? Yes. The depository system provides the facility to freeze the depository accounts for any debits or for both debits and credits. In an account which is freezed for debits, no debits will be permitted from the account, till the time it is de-freezed. This is the additional security feature for the benefit of the investors. PRODUCTS IN RELIGARE SECURITIES LIMITED EQUITY Equities are shares in a company. It is the certificate of ownership of a corporation. In simple terms, when you invest in a companys stock or buy its shares, you own part of a company. Thus, as a stockholder, you share a portion of the profit the company may make, as well as a portion of the loss a company may take. As the company keeps doing better, your stocks will increase in value and yield higher dividends. Dividend: A sum of money, determined by a companys directors, paid to shareholders of a corporation out of its earnings. Once you enter the Stock market, you will frequently come across terms like Market Capitalization, Small-Cap Stocks, Mid-Cap Stocks and Large-Cap Stocks. Market Capitalization Cap is short for capitalization, the market value of a stock, indicating the size of the stock available. Calculating a stocks capitalization Market Capitalization = Market Price of the stock x The number of the stocks outstanding* shares (*Outstanding means the shares held by the public) For example, if Stock A has a Current Market Price of Rs 20 per share, and there are 1,00,000 shares in the hands of public investors, then Stock A has a capitalization of 20,00,000. Small-Cap Stocks The stocks of small companies that have the potential to grow rapidly are classified as small-cap stocks. These stocks are the best option for an investor who wishes to generate significant gains in the long run; as long he does not require current dividends and can withstand price volatility. Generally companies that have a market Capitalization in the range of upto 250 Corers are small cap stocks. Mid-Cap Stocks Mid-cap stocks are typically stocks of medium-sized companies. These are stocks of well-known companies, recognized as seasoned players in the market. They offer you the twin advantages of acquiring stocks with good growth potential as well as the stability of a larger company. Generally companies that have a market Capitalization in the range of 250-4000 crores are mid cap stocks. BULL AND BEAR MARKET The uses of Bull and Bear to describe markets have been derived from the manner in which each of these animals attacks its opponents. A bull thrusts its horns up intothe air, and a bear swipes its paws down. These actions are metaphors for the movement of a market: if the trend is up, it is considered a Bull market. And if the trend is down, it is considered a Bear market. The supply and demand for securities largely determine whether the market is in the Bull or Bear phase. Forces like investor psychology, government involvement in the economy and changes in economic activity also drive the market up or down. These combine to make investors bid higher or lower prices for stocks. DERIVATIVES A derivative is a financial instrument whose value depends on the values of other underlying variables. As the name suggests it derives its value from an underlying asset. For Ex-a derivative, may be created for a share, or any material object. The most common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities etc. Sunit buys a futures contract in the scrip Indraprastha Gas limited. He will make a profit of Rs.500 if the price of Indraprastha Gas Limited rises by Rs 500. If the price remains unchanged Sunit will receive nothing. If the stock price of Indraprastha Gas limited falls by Rs 800 he will lose Rs 800. Different types of Derivatives? Derivatives are basically classified into the following: Futures /Forwards Option Futures /Forwards A futures contract is a type of derivative instrument, or financial contract where two parties agree to transact a set of financial instruments or physical commodities for future delivery at a particular price. A forward contract is the simplest mode of a derivative transaction. It is an agreement to buy or sell a specific quantity of an asset at a certain future time for a specified price. Nocash is exchanged when the contract is entered into. Index futures are futures contracts where the underlying is a stock index (Nifty or Sensex) and helps a trader to take a view on the market as a whole. Lot size refers to the quantity in which an investor in the markets can trade in a derivative of particular scrip. For Ex-Nifty Futures have a lot size of 100 or multiples of 100. Each contract entered into has an expiry period. This refers to the period within which the futures contract must be fulfilled. Futures contracts may have durations of 1 month, 2 months or at the most 3 months. OPTIONS An option is part of a class of securities called derivatives. The concept of options can be explained with this example. For instance, when you are planning to buy some property you might have placed a nonrefundable deposit to hold it for a short time while you evaluate other options. That is an example of a type of option. Buying a stock option is quite similar. Options are contracts that give the holder the right to buy or sell a fixed amount of a certain stock at a specified price within a specified time. A put option gives the holder the right to sell the security; a call option gives the right to buy the security. However, this type of contract gives the holder the right, but not the obligation to trade stock at a specific price before a specific date. Different types of Options CALL OPTION A call option gives the holder the right to buy the underlying stock at the strike price anytime before the expiration date. Generally Call options increase in value as the value of the underlying instrument increases. PUT OPTION Put option gives the holder the right to sell shares of the underlying stock at the strike price on or before the expiry date. The put option gains in value as the value of the underlying instrument decreases. A put option is one where one can insure a stock against subsequent price fall. If the value of your stocks goes down, you can exercise your put option and sell it at the price level decided upon earlier. MUTUAL FUNDS A mutual fund is a common pool of money into which investors with common investment objectives place their contributions that are to be invested, in accordance with the stated objective of the scheme. The investment manager invests the money collected into assets that are defined by the stated objective of the scheme. For example, an Equity fund would invest in Equity and Equity related instruments and a Debt fund would invest in Bonds, Debentures, Gilts etc Documents required to open a Demat Account All investors have to submit their proof of identity and proof of address along with the prescribed account opening form. 1. Proof of identity : You can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving licence or PAN card. 2. Proof of address : You can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving licence, PAN card, Ration card or Bank passbook as proof of address. You must remember to take original documents to the DP for verification. 3. Passport-size photograph : If you open 3-in-1 account then 3 passport-size photograph is necessary and if you open only demat account and trading account then only twopassport-size photograph is necessary. PRICING FOR CLIENTS Account Opening Charges: Rs.500 for Demat account trading account Payback Opening Charges: No payback Account Maintenance Charges: Rs. 250 p.a. Spot Payment: Not Avialable Exposure: 10 times in intraday Bank Collaborations: All Nationalised Private BanksData collection Data collection Sources- 1). Primary Data. 2). Secondary Data. 2. Primary Data Questionnaire. Secondary Data. Magazines. Journals. Websites. DATA ANALYSIS AND   INTERPRETATION Mode of trading online offline mode of trading offline online total number of clients 61 39 100

Cyber Attack Could Hit Sa - 908 Words

Ransomware cyber-attack could hit SA South Africa businesses should be on alert Kayla Claassen As European authorities are slowly making their way back from a wide spread ransomware cyber-attack that also struck Britain’s National Health Service (NHS), local experts say that South African companies and government should be prepared for the attack. Hackers encrypt your PC and the only way to unlock your PC and gain access to your files again is to pay a ransom of between R4 000 and R8 000. The cyber-attack exploits a weakness found in Microsoft Windows. On the attack: Ransomware cyber-attack encrypts PC with a virus and demand ransom. Picture: Kayla Claassen Paying the ransom money might not solve the problem, because the hackers†¦show more content†¦Uber’s self-driven vehicle service In 2016 Uber has launched another self-driving car service to members of the public, making San Francisco the second city in the world to offer this self-driven car service. In September last year Pittsburgh has introduced the first driverless service. California regulators were furious about this and told Uber to stop this service, because it was illegal considering that they did not have the necessary state permits to deliver this service. A permit is needed for companies to operate a self-driven vehicle service on public roads so that the vehicles can be tested to make sure that it safe for public roads. The outrage was an unexpected embarrassment to Uber. They were expecting it to be a huge event considering that they are competing with other tech rivals to bring autonomous vehicles to the public. When Uber was asked about this compliant they said that the motor vehicle department defines autonomous vehicles as those that drive â€Å"without the active physical control or monitoring of a natural person† Uber said that their self-driving cars requires a person at the wheel to monitor or control the vehicle, which does not fall under this strict definition. Uber’s self-drive vehicle: An illustration of the new Uber self-driven vehicle. Picture:Guilbert Gates For a while on Wednesday, any San Francisco passengers who requested an Uber had a choice of using the autonomous vehicle or requesting a regularShow MoreRelatedThe 2009 Intrusion on Googles Network3240 Words   |  13 Pageswere targeted by a very highly sophisticated attack to steal intellectual property undetected, rather than to just interrupt service or destroy data. Google had found itself a victim of an international malware attack aimed at stealing source code and spying on human rights activists in China. 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The Fiftieth Gate Free Essays

The Fiftieth Gate, understanding the past is represented as a continual and dynamic process. Baker gives a holistic representation of his parent’s experience of the Holocaust, demonstrating the complimentary relationship between history and memory. This notion is explored in the autobiographical book through the depiction of his parents’, and his own past. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fiftieth Gate or any similar topic only for you Order Now The barcarole style of the text aids in portraying the interplay between history and memory, enabling a more cohesive representation of the lasting repercussions of the Holocaust. Due to the traumatic tauter of her past experiences, Genie finds historical accounts of the Holocaust confronting to reconcile with her own memories. This tension is depicted by Baker, when he confirms the date of an Action against the Jewish population in Genie’s town, â€Å"It was Yon Kipper. You’re right. The Action took place on 21 September 1942. † Baker’s pursuit of historical accuracy compromises Genie’s personal memories, as she feels that compared to her own ordeals, history is an insufficient means of understanding the past. She responds: â€Å"I’m right, he says. What an honor. What do you know about Actions? We were standing there like little lambs. Screams, crying. A massacre of weeping lambs,† here, the imagery of a lamb conveys the destruction of both an entire community and the destruction of Genie’s childhood innocence. Baker struggles to unite the non-chronological and unreliable nature of memory with his own fastidious historical research, but gradually understands that the two complement each other to give a more open representation of the past. However, the tension between mother and son and hence, history and memory, is seen in the transcript of Baker’s interview of his mother: â€Å"Pitch black. Pitch black, that’s how I was for years†¦ What do you mean, do I remember? Stop interrogating me. Stop testing me. What, all these years you thought that because I wasn’t in Auschwitz like your father I didn’t suffer? † The use of transcripts is integral to the eclectic barcarole structure of the text, as the myriad of textual forms demonstrates the ongoing process of understanding the past. The tension between the two discourses is clearly seen, as Baker often finds his mother’s memories impossible to vindicate, despite her vivid recollection of the suffering in her past. Genie feels that ere suffering is overlooked, as she has little historical and physical evidence to represent the effects of the Holocaust on herself. As a barcarole text, The Fiftieth Gate explores the dynamic process of understanding the past, and through the interaction between his mother and himself, he highlights the difficulty and importance of reconciling both history and memory. Baker’s father, Yogis is often reluctant to delve into his own memories, and cannot fully reconcile his own past with the reality of the present. Rhetorical question conveys Yokel’s inability to entirely accept the past, as he retains a child-like degree of optimism: â€Å"Maybe he’s still alive. Could be, you know. Could be. Anything can happen. After the war I met people I thought were dead. Have you ever heard such a thing? † The transcript of Yokel’s interviews expresses a direct connection to his personal memories. Whilst Yokel’s resilience is an admirable quality, it can lead to an attitude of denial. Through Baker’s process of interviewing his parents and ascertaining the history of their Holocaust experiences, the past is re-examined and represented in a more comprehensive manner. This transcript is contrasted with a conversation twine father and son, and displays the diverse barcarole style that is integral to the representation of Baker’s parent’s memories. Chapter 16 begins with a portrayal of the difficulty in confronting the historical details of Yokel’s own past: â€Å"l can show you what your father wore when he arrived in Buchwald. ‘ My father seems angry at this latest discovery. ‘Do you know when he went to the toilet? The color of the agates he wore under his pants? Maybe you can tell me when I last showered or what I did everyday in Auschwitz? However, the chapter ends with Yogis reluctantly expressing a desire to learn the clothes worn by his father. This expresses the ongoing nature of understanding the past, as the ordeals of one’s past retain the potential to cause significant grief. This notion is present throughout the novel, and is particularly significant in Yokel’s growth as the result of ope ning up to a more complete understanding of his own memories. Juxtaposition is used to highlight the mutual dependency of history and memory in the process of effectively comprehending the past. Whilst being interviewed, Yogis begins: â€Å"l was born in Wreaking. Baker’s commentary follows: â€Å"Wreaking was born before him. In 1657, founded by Bishop Bogus Readdressed who obtained royal permission to colonies the woodlands along the Seminal River. † The direct and impersonal nature of historical discourse, although important, is directly contrasted with Yokel’s memory, which is far easier to empathic with. However, we understand that the two complement each other to give a multi-faceted and progressive understanding of the human experiences of the Holocaust, which results in a certain degree of ‘closure’. Although Mark Barker was born after the Holocaust, the ramifications of the events have profoundly affected his own life, and the process of understanding the past is pertinent to Baker himself. Baker states, of himself and his brother , â€Å"†¦ L knew there was something more deliberate in the names chosen for us, an attempt to obliterate not only my parents’ foreignness but the memories attached to it†¦ So I decided to put the past back into my name. I have chosen Raphael, the earliest ancestor I can find on our family tree. † The understanding of the past that has been enabled by learning of his parent’s personal stories have enabled Baker to reconnect to his cultural heritage. This personal progression is integral to the semi-autobiographical nature of The Fiftieth Gate, and represents a significant level of personal growth that Baker has garnered through the discourses of history and memory. Throughout the text, it becomes apparent that Baker has been profoundly affected not only by his parent’s experience of the Holocaust, but also by the suffering inflicted collectively on the Jewish population. This is apparent in the elements of ‘Midribs’ – the oral and written exploration of biblical texts – that are inserted intermittently wrought the book. Baker briefly recounts the story of Rabbi Hanna Ben Iteration, who was killed by the Romans due to his faith, and subsequently martyred. Whilst being burned, Iteration is asked by his disciples what he sees. He responds, â€Å"The parchment is burning, but the letters are soaring high above me. † This is followed by a poem, â€Å"My parents remember: the fire/the parchment burning/the bodies buried/ letters soaring high, ‘turned to ashen dust. † This element of Midribs is representative of the barcarole style of the text, and conveys Jewish resilience that has lasted millennia. However, Baker subverts the optimism of the original text to convey the horrors experienced by all the victims of the Holocaust. It becomes apparent that this suffering, whilst not directly inflicted upon himself, resounds in the children of Holocaust survivors. The Fiftieth Gate explores the notion of understanding the past through the complimentary discourses of history and memory. Baker demonstrates the implications of this notion through the depiction of himself and his parents, Yogis and Genie. It becomes apparent that understanding the past is not a fixed process, and that it can at times cause tension. How to cite The Fiftieth Gate, Papers

How is Perks of being A WallFlower a Tragedy free essay sample

To begin, the quote â€Å"The World is full of suffering, but it is also full of the overcoming of it† (itsworthquoting.com, 2013) by Hellen Keller has a strong meaning to encourage individuals to stand strong when a tragedy appears in life. In the novel, â€Å"The Perks of Being a Wallflower† by Stephen Chbosky the main character Charlie faces many tragedies in his developing years of life such as the self-inflicted death of his best friend Michael, the death of his aunt Helen who was his favorite person in the whole world and many other devastating experiences which affected his life. Firstly, one of the tragic elements portrayed in the novel is catastrophe. Catastrophe is something terrible that has happened which has changed the persons whole life around. One scenario of catastrophe in this novel occurs when Charlie’s best friend Michael Committed suicide right before high school was starting which left Charlie very miserable and impacted his social life negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on How is Perks of being A WallFlower a Tragedy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"So, this is my life. And I want you to know that I am both happy and sad and I’m still trying to figure out how that could be. I try to think of my family as a reason for me being this way, especially after my friend Michael stopped going to school one day† (Chbosky, pg. 2-3). This quotation explains that Michael’s suicide made Charlie very unhappy. The second tragic element shown in this novel is remorse. Remorse means feeling guilty or regret for something you haven’t committed. An example of remorse shown in this novel is when Charlie’s Aunt Helen dies in a tragic car accident and Charlie feels as if it was his fault that she had passed away because she had gone out to buy him two birthday gifts like how she does every year.† Despite everything my mom and doctor and dad have said to me about blame, I can’t stop thinking about what I know. And I know that my Aunt Helen would still be alive today if she just bought me one present like everybody else. She would be alive if I were born on a day that didn’t snow. I would do anything to make this go away. I miss her terribly. I have to stop writing now because I am to sad† (Chbosky. Pg.92). This quote explains how Charlie feels that it’s his fault that his aunt Helen died and that if she didn’t have to buy him gifts she would still be with him today. â€Å"The perks of being A Wallflower† contains these two tragic elements: Remorse and catastrophe, using Michael and Aunt Helen. Secondly, Charlie is a tragic hero because he went through so much in his early years such as going through major stressors which can cause depression. He stayed strong through all of it, no matter how hard the times got. To begin, at this point in Charlie’s life, he has lost friends and family members which have left him scarred emotionally. For example, Susan his ex- best friend does not talk to Charlie anymore after their best friend Michael killed himself; she’s a whole different person in high school.† But because things change. And friends leave. And life doesn’t stop for anybody† (Chbosky. Pg.145). This shows that Charlie realizes that nothing ever remain the same. Things happen, people change, and everyone moves on in life. Adding on, he is also a tragic hero because Charlie has an ability to move on in life, he doesn’t let tragic events keep him down, he finds a way to overcome it and always find some way to move on in life. â€Å"So, I guess we are who we are for a lot of reasons. And maybe well never know most of them. But even if we dont have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there. We can still do things. And we can try to feel okay about them† (Chbosky. Pg.211). This quote means that we are who we are because of our past experiences throughout life and these challenging obstacles that we face make us stronger in the end. Lastly, the novel â€Å"Perks of Being a Wallflower† fits the common or otherwise known as the everyday definition of tragedy. In this novel there are many unfortunate events where Charlie is faced with many difficult situations of where he loses his loved ones and suffers. Starting off, Charlie suffers from the loss of his friend Michael and his aunt Helen. Michael was Charlie’s best friend in middle school and they were supposed to attend freshmen year together. He was one of Charlie’s only friend and they had a special connection as many best friends do. Aunt Helen was Charlie’s mom’s sister and Charlie’s favorite person in the world. She was the only one that ever gave him hugs and bought him two presents for his birthday every year. Susan was really close with Charlie but over the summer before high school was starting Susan got her braces off; she got prettier and got more developed. When high school started Susan was to cool for Charlie which tore their friendship apart. Charlie went through many devastating events in his childhood years and still managed to carry on with his life without losing hope and strength. Charlie faces many tragedies in his developing years of life such as the self-inflicted death of his best friend Michael, the death of his aunt Helen who was his favorite person in the whole world and many other devastating experiences which affected his life. Charlie kept strong and moved on with his life even after experiencing many sad events. He is a true hero in the novel because he has a great understanding of life and how to cope with uncomfortable situations as presented above. Bibliography: Chbosky, Stephen. the perks of being a wallflower. New York: MTV Books/Pockets Books,1999. Print. â€Å"Tragedy Quotes.† itsworthquoting.com. 7 Jan. 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2013.http://www.itsworthquoting.com/tragedyquotes.html